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Network Security

What Is a VPN (Virtual Private Network)? [VPNs Explained]

13 min. read
Table of Contents

A virtual private network, or VPN, is an encrypted connection that secures data transmission between devices over the Internet.

The encrypted connection protects sensitive information from potential threats and unauthorized access.

In corporate environments, VPNs facilitate secure connectivity to corporate resources, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality. On personal devices, VPNs help protect data by encrypting internet traffic and masking the user's IP address.

 

What is the difference between personal and business VPNs?

Before we get into the nuts-and-bolts of virtual private networks, it’s worth taking a moment to make a distinction between personal and business VPNs (AKA enterprise VPNs).

Business VPNs vs. personal VPNs

Parameter Business VPN Personal VPN
Primary use Secure access to corporate networks and resources Privacy, security, and unrestricted internet access for individuals
Management Centralized, IT-managed User-managed
Access control Role-based access control No role-based access
Security features Advanced security (malware protection, DNS filtering, encryption) Basic encryption, IP masking, protection on public Wi-Fi
Infrastructure Dedicated servers and infrastructure Shared servers
Scalability Scalable for multiple users and teams Limited scalability
Compliance Complies with standards like GDPR and HIPAA Not designed for regulatory compliance
Performance optimization Optimized for secure, high-performance corporate environments Not optimized for enterprise performance

Personal VPNs are designed for individuals who want privacy, security, and unrestricted internet access. They encrypt internet traffic, mask IP addresses, and protect internet users on public Wi-Fi.

However: Since they’re designed for individual users, they obviously lack centralized control, role-based access, and enterprise-level security features.

Consumer-grade VPNs are typically managed by the user and rely on shared servers.

On the other hand:

Business VPNs provide secure access to corporate networks and resources. They offer centralized management, role-based access control, and dedicated infrastructure.

Enterprise-grade VPNs support many users organization-wide. And they need to be able to comply with regulatory standards like GDPR and HIPAA.

They’re scalable, customizable, and equipped with advanced security features like malware protection and DNS filtering.

Unlike personal VPNs, business VPNs prioritize controlled access, security, and performance for corporate environments.

| Further reading: What Is a Business VPN?

 

How does a VPN work?

So, what does a VPN do?

A VPN encrypts internet traffic and routes it through a remote server, hiding the user’s IP address and securing data from unauthorized access.

But how does a VPN work?

The process differs slightly between business and personal virtual private network products.

Here’s how a business VPN works:

Architecture diagram titled How a VPN works showing four sources on the left—Mobile, Home, Branch, and Retail—each connected to the internet through a labeled VPN client icon. A green line labeled Secure IPSEC tunnel runs from each source through the internet to a red VPN gateway icon. This gateway connects to a box on the right labeled Enterprise environment, which contains icons and labels for Cloud services, Data center, and Data center apps.

  1. The VPN connects employees to a company’s internal network over an encrypted tunnel. It starts when a user logs in through a VPN client on their device. 

  2. That client establishes a secure connection to a VPN gateway managed by the organization.

  3. From there, traffic is routed into the company’s private environment. Which means users can access internal tools, files, or systems as if they were physically on site. 

  4. The VPN continuously verifies the user’s identity and enforces access policies set by IT. 

Enterprise VPN products are built for controlled, secure access—not general internet privacy.

In contrast:

Here’s how a personal VPN works:

Architecture diagram titled How a personal VPN works displays a linear sequence of four main elements. On the left, there is an icon depicting a person with the label User. This is connected by a green line to a rectangle labeled VPN service. The rectangle is connected via another green line to a globe icon labeled Internet, which in turn is linked by a green line to a monitor icon labeled Website. All elements are outlined in black, set against a plain white background, and the connecting lines are all uniformly green.

  1. The VPN encrypts the user’s internet traffic and routes it through a remote server operated by the VPN provider.

  2. The user installs an app, chooses a server location, and clicks connect.

  3. Once the tunnel is established, the device’s traffic is sent to the VPN server before reaching any websites or services.

  4. That server assigns a new IP address to the user’s device. Which helps obscure location and identity. The VPN also protects traffic from interception, especially on public internet.

Unlike corporate virtual private networks, personal virtual private networks don’t provide access to private networks. They focus on privacy, anonymity, and open internet access.

| Further reading: How Does a VPN Work?

 

What does a VPN hide?

Architecture diagram titled How VPNs hide IP addresses showing a user on the left connected to a proxy server labeled VPN service. The connection between the user and proxy server is marked Original IP address. The proxy server connects to the internet, which in turn connects to a website on the far right. The connection from the proxy server to the website is marked Different IP address, illustrating how the VPN service masks the user’s original IP.

A virtual private network hides a device's original IP address by rerouting its traffic through a different server.

For consumer VPNs, this helps anonymize browsing activity. For business VPNs, this ensures secure access to corporate networks rather than general online anonymity.

As discussed, hiding the IP address makes the device appear as if it’s coming from the VPN's server location—not its actual location. This way, the actual connection source remains concealed. And that prevents adversaries from pinpointing the original device's location.

A virtual private network also hides the data it's sending and receiving using encryption. Even if someone intercepts the data, they can’t decipher its contents easily.

 

What are VPNs used for?

VPN use cases

Business VPN Personal VPN
  • Secure remote access
  • Secure site-to-site connectivity
  • Secure personal data
  • Streaming/accessing location-based content
  • Avoiding censorship or surveillance
  • Reducing ISP and third-party tracking
  • Masking geographic location

Business VPNs have two primary use cases: (1) secure remote access and (2) secure site-to-site connectivity. In the corporate world, virtual private networks focus on protecting sensitive data, compliance, and secure remote access to critical applications.

Personal VPNs, on the other hand, are often used to enhance online privacy, bypass content restrictions, avoid location-based tracking, and maintain security on public networks.

Let’s break down the use cases for both.

Business VPN use cases

Secure remote access

Architecture diagram labeled Enterprise VPN use case: Secure remote access showing four locations on the left—Mobile, Home, Branch, and Retail—each connected to the internet through green lines labeled Secure remote access. Each location has a user icon connected to a VPN client icon. The internet is depicted in the center with a globe icon and connects to a VPN gateway represented by a red firewall icon. On the right, the VPN gateway leads to a corporate network that includes three components: Cloud/SaaS services at the top, a Data center in the middle, and Data center apps at the bottom, all contained within a labeled box representing the enterprise environment.

Remote access virtual private networks allow employees to access corporate networks from mobile devices, home offices and other remote locations.

They provide a safe way for remote users to access internal business applications and resources from any location without compromising security.

Secure site-to-site connectivity

Architecture diagram titled Enterprise VPN use case: Secure site-to-site connectivity showing a building labeled HQ on the left and a building labeled Branch on the right, each connected to the internet with red firewall icons. A green bar labeled Secure IPSEC VPN tunnel spans between the two firewall icons, passing through a central icon representing the internet. The tunnel visually links the two locations, illustrating encrypted site-to-site communication across public infrastructure.

Site-to-site VPNs are used to create secure tunnels between sites rather than a specific user location or device. They also securely connect corporate headquarters, branch offices, data centers, and/or private, public, or hybrid clouds.

A site-to-site virtual private network performs encryption/decryption of traffic in transit so that all inbound/outbound traffic from either site is secure.

Personal VPN use cases

Circular diagram titled Consumer VPN use cases centered around a globe icon with a surrounding lock, segmented into five color-coded arcs. Each segment connects to a labeled icon representing a use case: the red segment points to Mask geographic location with a location pin icon, the yellow segment connects to Stream or access location-based content with a streaming device icon, the blue segment points to Reduce ISP and third-party tracking with an eye icon, the teal segment connects to Secure personal data with a key icon, and the dark blue segment points to Avoid censorship or surveillance with a padlock icon. Lines connect each arc to its corresponding label and icon around the outer circle.

Secure personal data

A personal VPN encrypts personal data before it leaves the device. This helps protect sensitive information on unsecured networks, especially when using public Wi-Fi.

Stream or access location-based content

Some websites and streaming platforms restrict access based on geographic location.

A personal virtual private network allows users to route traffic through servers in other countries, which can make regional content available outside its intended location.

Avoid censorship or surveillance

Internet users in regions with restricted internet access may use a VPN to reach blocked sites.

The VPN masks traffic and origin, which can help bypass local filtering and monitoring systems.

Reduce ISP and third-party tracking

Internet service providers (ISPs) can log browsing activity and associate it with a user’s IP address.

Personal virtual private networks prevent this by routing traffic through external servers, which helps reduce the visibility of online behavior.

Mask geographic location

A VPN assigns a new IP address from the server location it connects to. This makes it appear as if the user is in a different place, which can help increase privacy or avoid location-based restrictions.

 

How secure are VPNs?

VPNs are generally safe for transmitting data over the internet but aren’t 100% secure. A VPN doesn’t constitute a complete network security strategy.

More specifically, virtual private networks don’t provide complete protection on their own.

Architecture diagram titled Corporate VPN security limitations illustrates the architecture of a corporate VPN. It starts on the left with an icon of a person labeled User, connected via a green line to a green circle labeled Secure IPSEC tunnel. This connects to a central label VPN data center access, above three server icons representing the Corporate network, labeled Restricted apps with icons of a lock, a mobile phone, and a tablet. On the right, two outlined icons not directly connected to the green line represent external elements: one labeled IDP with a shield icon, and another labeled Access directory with a user icon, both noted as Security services not part of VPN. The icons and labels are black and green on a white background.

Here’s why:

As more users work outside the office and more apps move to the cloud, threats become harder to control. Which means traditional VPNs often need help from other security tools.

To address this, organizations should look for network security platforms that combine virtual private network capabilities with broader network protections. This makes it way easier to protect remote users and devices—especially when they operate beyond the traditional perimeter.

Consumer-grade VPNs are equally insufficient for personal security purposes.

Personal VPNs do help protect internet traffic by encrypting data and masking the user’s IP address. This at least prevents eavesdropping on public networks and makes browsing activity harder to trace.

However: A personal VPN doesn’t block malware, phishing attempts, or malicious downloads.

Architecture diagram titled Consumer VPN security limitations displays a sequence of four elements aligned horizontally on a plain white background. Starting from the left, there is an icon depicting a person with a green check mark labeled User, connected by a grey line to a blue rectangle labeled VPN service. This rectangle is linked by another grey line to a globe icon labeled Internet, which then connects to a red hexagon on the far right labeled Malicious email. The colors of the icons (green, blue, grey, and red) differentiate each element's role or status in the diagram.

It also doesn’t control what happens after a device is compromised.

In other words: If a threat reaches the device, a VPN can’t stop it from stealing or damaging data. So for stronger protection, users should pair a virtual private network with antivirus software.

| Further reading: Are VPNs Safe and Secure? [A Guide to VPN Security]

 

Why do you need a VPN?

From a business perspective, you need a VPN to provide secure remote access to company systems and data. A business virtual private network extends the corporate network to employees working from home or traveling.

It also protects sensitive resources while maintaining work continuity for teams outside the office.

From a consumer perspective, you need a VPN to reduce exposure to unnecessary data collection. It does this by encrypting traffic and masking the device’s IP address.

Without a virtual private network, websites, apps, ISPs, and even public internet operators can see more than most people realize—like browsing habits, device identifiers, and location.

A VPN limits that visibility. Which helps keep your activity more private, especially in environments where tracking is common or unavoidable.

 

What are the primary features of a VPN?

VPN features

Business VPN Personal VPN
  • Authentication and access control
  • Limited host/endpoint information
  • Limited troubleshooting and visibility
  • Limited flexibility
  • Cloud-based gateways
  • IP address masking
  • Data encryption
  • Kill switch
  • Two-factor authentication
  • Split tunneling
  • Auto-connect
  • Obfuscated servers
  • Double VPN
  • Onion over VPN
  • Threat protection

A VPN includes a range of features that help protect data and manage access.

Some of these features are common across most virtual private networks. Others depend on whether the product is used for business or personal purposes.

Business VPNs tend to focus on centralized control, secure authentication, and support for multiple users.

Personal VPNs focus more on privacy, encryption, and usability on individual devices.

Let’s walk through the key features of each:

Business VPN features

Diagram titled Business VPN features is divided by a vertical grey line into two sections on a pale yellow and white background. On the left side, labeled in black text Business VPN features, two blue squares depict icons: the upper square shows a padlock representing Authentication & access control, and the lower square shows a computer screen representing Host/endpoint information. On the right side, two additional blue squares contain icons: one with arrows pointing outward labeled Flexibility, and another with cloud and network points labeled Cloud-based gateways. Each icon is visually distinct and placed evenly across the layout to emphasize their individual contributions to VPN features.

Authentication and access control

The diagram titled VPN authentication and access control visualizes the sequence of steps a user takes to establish a VPN connection. It features a horizontal timeline across the middle, with steps numbered from 1 to 4. At the left end of the timeline, an icon representing a User is connected by dotted lines to each step. At the right end, a VPN icon is shown. Step 1, User connects to VPN, begins the sequence, followed by step 2, VPN server MFA challenges client, then step 3, Client passes MFA test, receives IP address, and finally step 4, VPN tunnel established. Each step is connected by arrows indicating the flow from left to right. The background is white with blue and grey text, and the entire diagram is encapsulated within a soft yellow border at the bottom edge.

Authentication helps control who can access the VPN.

Before a user connects, the VPN checks their identity. This step verifies that the right person is trying to access the network.

Many virtual private networks support methods like Kerberos, RADIUS, LDAP, or SAML 2.0. These allow organizations to choose what fits their environment.

Once the user is verified, the VPN links their identity to an IP address. That mapping helps track activity and apply access controls.

Some providers also support multifactor authentication. Which adds an extra layer of protection beyond just a password.

In some cases, cookie-based authentication can keep users signed in between sessions. This can reduce friction for repeated access.

Host/endpoint information

Host information profiles check details about the device before granting access. They can see the device type, software versions, encryption settings, or whether backups are enabled.

Like this:

Architecture diagram titled VPN host information profiles illustrates the process and requirements for a user to connect to a corporate network via an enterprise VPN. From the left, the sequence starts with a User icon linked by a green arrow to a Enterprise VPN box. This box is followed by another titled Comply to connect, listing three criteria with associated icons: Device, Encryption, and Software. The flow continues to a Remediation network icon linked to a Patch server icon, which sends an arrow downwards to a statement, Client receives patches. This statement connects back to a Health check icon on the left that is linked to a Corporate network icon, completing the loop and emphasizing the cycle of compliance, remediation, and connection maintenance within the VPN structure. The diagram uses a combination of green arrows and grey icons to visually direct the flow of processes, set against a white background with black and green text.

This allows the virtual private network to enforce access policies based on each device’s security posture. Only endpoints that meet specific requirements are allowed to connect.

Flexibility

Some VPNs offer always-on protection. Others allow exceptions for certain use cases.

For example: Latency-sensitive traffic can bypass the virtual private network based on specific apps, domains, or routes.

Like so:

Architecture diagram titled Business VPN flexibility visualizes the connectivity of a user through a VPN to various network resources. Starting on the left, a User icon is connected by a green line labeled Secure encrypted connection to a central blue box labeled Enterprise VPN service. This box extends the green line to the right toward a Corporate network icon. Additionally, a dotted grey line from the Enterprise VPN service box goes upwards to a globe icon labeled Internet and branches to the right towards a blue box labeled ZOOM, representing a VTC app. This layout illustrates the user's ability to access both the corporate network and internet services like a VTC app through the VPN, demonstrating the VPN's flexibility in supporting various applications. The icons and labels are arranged on a white background with clear, concise labeling to indicate each component's role in the network structure.

This level of flexibility can help balance security and performance in more complex environments.

Cloud-based gateways

Cloud-based VPN gateways can scale automatically. They adjust to changing traffic loads without manual intervention.

Here’s how it works:

Architecture diagram titled Scalability of cloud-based VPN gateways illustrates how a cloud-based VPN gateway can dynamically scale to meet traffic demands. It features a central blue box labeled VPN dynamic cloud scaling, connected by solid green lines to two branch icons on the left and a Corporate HQ icon on the right, indicating a Site-to-site secure connection. Each branch icon is marked with an A and B, respectively. Below the branches, two dotted green lines connect to icons labeled Retail, indicating potential but not active connections. A note at the bottom states, A cloud-based VPN gateway scales automatically based on traffic demand, summarizing the capability of the system. The diagram uses a combination of solid and dotted lines to differentiate between established and potential connections, set against a white background with green and grey elements.

This helps maintain stable performance as demand shifts. It also supports remote work and distributed teams by reducing reliance on fixed, on-prem infrastructure.

Personal VPN features

Image titled Personal VPN features showing a circular layout with labeled icons evenly spaced along the arc. Starting from the top left and moving clockwise, the features are: Data encryption with a purple padlock and file icon, Two-factor authentication with a green shield and checkmark icon, Auto-connect with an orange power icon, Double VPN (multi-hop) with a blue infinity loop icon, Onion over VPN with a layered icon, Obfuscated servers with a disguise icon, Split tunneling with a purple path-splitting arrow icon, Kill switch with a red switch icon, IP address masking with a black location pin icon, and Threat protection with a blue shield and radar icon. All features are connected to a central circle labeled Personal VPN features.

IP address masking

The primary feature of a personal is hiding your device’s real IP address by assigning a different one from the VPN server. This helps obscure your location and makes online activity more difficult to trace.

Data encryption

Encryption is a core function of any VPN. It protects the data moving between your device and the VPN server, making it unreadable to third parties.

While all VPNs use encryption, the strength and type can vary depending on the provider and protocol.

Kill switch

Some VPN providers offer a kill switch to protect your data if the connection fails.

When enabled, it immediately cuts off internet access until the VPN reconnects. This prevents your device from defaulting to an unprotected connection.

Two-factor authentication

A few VPNs support multi-factor authentication (MFA) at login.

This adds a second verification step—like a code sent to your phone—on top of your username and password. It’s a simple way to reduce the risk of unauthorized access.

An illustration labeled Example of two-factor authentication shows a seated person holding a smartphone and working on a laptop. To the left, a screen labeled Phone Number shows a user entering a phone number. An arrow points from this screen to a box labeled Your Code 64370, indicating the user receives a one-time password. Another arrow points from the code to a screen on the right where the user enters the one-time password into labeled boxes. Text annotations read User enters phone number, User receives one-time password, and User enters one-time password. A shield icon in the background suggests a security context.

Split tunneling

Not all VPNs offer split tunneling, but when they do, it gives users more control.

You can route specific apps or services through the virtual private network while keeping the rest of your traffic on a direct internet connection.

This can help maintain speed for lower-risk tasks.

Auto-connect

Many VPNs let you configure auto-connect rules. This ensures it turns on automatically when you start your device or join an unfamiliar network.

An image labeled Personal VPN shows a smartphone screen displaying the settings menu for a VPN application. Under the VPN CONNECTION section, there are two options: Protocol, which is set to Use recommended, and Auto-connect, which is currently toggled off. Below that is the option to Reset VPN profile. The GENERAL section includes options for Appearance, set to System, and Notifications, which are also toggled off. A red dotted line points to the Auto-connect option, with a label on the right side of the image that reads Personal VPN auto-connect feature.

It helps maintain consistent protection, especially if you frequently use public Wi-Fi.

Obfuscated servers

Some providers include obfuscated servers as an optional feature. They’re designed to disguise VPN traffic as regular HTTPS traffic.

A diagram titled Personal VPN obfuscation shows three user devices—a laptop, desktop, and smartphone—on the left, each connected to a VPN service represented by a proxy server. From the proxy server, two types of traffic are shown: regular VPN traffic, highlighted in orange, is directed to a network firewall and a website firewall; obfuscated VPN traffic, shown in green, bypasses those and is directed to China’s firewall, then continues to an icon representing internet access. Each firewall is represented by a labeled icon, and all traffic flows are marked with directional arrows indicating the path taken.

That makes it harder for networks or governments to detect that you’re using a virtual private network, which can be helpful in restrictive regions.

Double VPN (multi-hop)

Double VPN is typically available in premium VPN plans.

It routes your traffic through two VPN servers instead of one. Which adds an extra layer of privacy by separating your entry and exit points. And that makes it more difficult to trace your activity.

Onion over VPN

A few VPNs offer the ability to route traffic through the Tor network after encryption.

Architecture diagram titled Onion over VPN showing how internet traffic flows from a user through a VPN server and an onion network before reaching a destination. The user icon on the left sends data to a VPN server, represented by a rectangular server icon. The VPN server shows the IP address as known and forwards the traffic into the onion network, which contains labeled nodes: entry node, middle nodes, and an exit node. The traffic passes through the entry node, one of two middle nodes, and the exit node before going to the destination, which again shows the IP address as known. The diagram includes directional arrows to show the path of the data. A legend in the top left corner explains the meaning of color-coded lines and icons: green lines mean the traffic is encrypted by onion, red lines mean it is not encrypted by onion, blue eye icons indicate the IP address is hidden, and orange eye icons indicate the IP address is known.

This is known as Onion over VPN. It’s designed for internet users who want maximum anonymity, but it may reduce browsing speed due to the extra layers of routing.

Threat protection

Some VPNs bundle in threat protection tools. These may block ads, prevent trackers, or stop you from visiting known malicious sites.

It’s not a full antivirus solution, but it can help reduce your exposure to basic web-based threats.

 

What are the benefits of a VPN?

VPNs offer different types of value depending on how and where they’re used.

VPN benefits

Personal VPN Business VPN
  • Privacy from ISPs and advertisers
  • Safer access to public Wi-Fi
  • Reduced price targeting and location-based pricing
  • Consistent access while traveling abroad
  • Fewer content restrictions and blocks
  • Less bandwidth throttling
  • Greater online anonymity
  • Global connectivity and remote access
  • Enhanced productivity
  • Security for data in transit
  • Longstanding, durable technology

Let’s take a closer look at the advantages of VPNs in both corporate and consumer scenarios. 

Business VPN benefits

Graphic titled Business VPN benefits displays four square blue icons arranged in a two-by-two grid, each paired with a label describing a benefit. The top-left icon shows a globe with network lines and is labeled Global connectivity and point-to-point remote access. The top-right icon shows a bar chart with an upward trend and is labeled Enhanced productivity. The bottom-left icon displays a server rack with a gear and is labeled Longstanding, durable technology. The bottom-right icon shows a padlock over data lines and is labeled Security for data in transit. The left side of the image features a gray vertical section with the heading Business VPN benefits in bold black text.

  • Global connectivity and point-to-point remote access: Business VPNs help extend access to internal resources across multiple regions. This allows remote employees to securely connect to applications and data regardless of location. So teams can stay connected without needing to be physically present in the office.

  • Enhanced productivity: VPNs support flexible work environments. Employees can log in from home, while traveling, or from other remote locations. The flexibility is helpful for productivity and ensures access to the systems people rely on.

  • Security for data in transit: VPNs encrypt the data moving between user devices and corporate systems. And that reduces the chance that sensitive information can be intercepted during transmission. It’s especially important for remote access scenarios where connections may pass through public or untrusted networks.

  • Longstanding, durable technology: VPNs have been in use for decades. The reason so many businesses rely on them is because the core technology is well understood and widely supported. However: Older solutions may lack the protections needed for today’s cloud-first environments. So it’s worth reviewing whether your current setup still meets security and performance needs.

Personal VPN benefits

Graphic titled Personal VPN benefits presenting eight blue square icons arranged in two vertical columns, each paired with a label describing a benefit. The left column includes four icons and labels: a person with a globe icon labeled Privacy from ISPs and advertisers, a Wi-Fi signal icon labeled Safer access to public Wi-Fi, a piggy bank icon labeled Reduced price targeting and location-based pricing, and an airplane icon labeled Consistent access while traveling abroad. The right column includes four more icons: a browser window icon labeled Fewer content restrictions and blocks, a download speed gauge icon labeled Less bandwidth throttling, and a padlock icon labeled Greater online anonymity. The left side of the image features a gray background with the heading Personal VPN benefits in bold black text.

  • Privacy from ISPs and advertisers: A VPN helps limit how much visibility internet service providers and ad platforms have into your browsing activity. It does this by masking your real IP address and encrypting your traffic. So it’s harder to connect your activity back to you.

  • Safer access to public Wi-Fi: Public networks are often unsecured. That makes it easier for attackers to intercept data. A VPN helps reduce that risk by encrypting your traffic before it leaves the device.

  • Reduced price targeting and location-based pricing: Some sites adjust prices based on your location. With a VPN, you can appear to be in another region. That may let you view alternate pricing or compare deals without geographic bias.

  • Consistent access while traveling abroad: You might lose access to familiar apps or sites while outside your home country. A VPN can help maintain access by routing your connection through a home-region server.

  • Fewer content restrictions and blocks: Some networks or countries block access to specific websites or services. A VPN can help bypass those restrictions by masking the true source of your connection.

  • Less bandwidth throttling: Some ISPs slow down certain types of traffic. For example: Video streaming or gaming. A VPN can make your activity harder to detect, which may help avoid throttling in some cases.

  • Greater online anonymity: VPNs reduce the amount of personal information exposed during a session. That includes your IP address and browsing activity. While not fully anonymous, it does help limit how much can be tracked.

| Further reading: What Are the Benefits of a VPN (Virtual Private Network)?

 

What are the different types of VPNs?

Here’s a breakdown of the most common types of VPNs:

  • Site-to-site VPN

  • Remote access VPN

  • Cloud VPN

  • SSL VPN

  • Double VPN

Remember: Not all VPNs work the same way. 

Some connect entire networks. Others support individual users. Some are built for cloud access or rely on browser-based encryption.

The best option depends on what the VPN is being used for. For example: A branch office connecting to headquarters may need a site-to-site VPN. But an employee working from home usually connects through a remote access VPN.

And not all options offer the same level of control, flexibility, or performance.

Let’s take a look at how each one works.

Site-to-site VPN

Architecture diagram titled Site-to-site VPN shows three branch offices on the left side, each represented by a square icon containing a building illustration and labeled Branch. These branches are connected through blue lines labeled Site-to-site connection that merge and pass through a shaded area labeled Internet in the center of the image. The blue lines converge at multiple circular connection points within the shaded area. From there, dashed black lines continue rightward, indicating encrypted communication paths to a red circular icon on the far right labeled Main office, which contains a larger building illustration. Bidirectional arrows along the dashed lines indicate traffic flow between the branch offices and the main office.

A site-to-site VPN connects two or more networks over the internet.

It’s typically used to link a company’s main office with its branch offices.

Site-to-site virtual private networks create a secure tunnel between sites so that traffic can move between them without being exposed.

Remote access VPN

Architecture diagram titled Remote access VPN illustrates how a remote access VPN connection is established between a user device and a main office. Starting on the left, an icon labeled User device under a symbol of a house representing a Remote location is connected by a green line to a central square labeled Secure VPN connection, which encapsulates an icon of the globe labeled Internet. This square is then connected via another green line to the right to an icon labeled Network access server, situated under a symbol of a building representing the Main office. The layout clearly shows the path from the user's device through the internet to the main office's network, highlighting the VPN's role in securing the connection. The background is plain white, and the icons are in blue, enhancing visibility and focus on the connection elements.

Remote access VPNs let individual users connect securely to a company network from outside the office.

The virtual private network encrypts all data sent between the user’s device and internal systems. This allows remote employees to access apps, files, and services as if they were on the corporate network.

Cloud VPN

Architecture diagram titled Cloud remote access VPN displays the connection process between remote users and an internal network via a cloud-based VPN. On the left, two icons represent Remote user devices with a label VPNaaS application above them, connected by vertical lines to a central grey rectangle labeled VPN tunnel. Inside this rectangle, another layer shows a cloud icon and the text VPNaaS | Private cloud, indicating the cloud environment where the VPN service is hosted. From this central unit, two green lines extend rightward to two separate icons labeled Internal network, one featuring a traditional network symbol and the other a Wi-Fi signal, signifying different access points within the internal network. The diagram uses green lines to denote active VPN connections and a combination of blue and grey elements to represent different components involved in the network architecture

A cloud VPN—also called VPN as a service (VPNaaS)—is designed to support access to cloud-based resources.

It allows users to connect securely to applications and data hosted in the cloud.

Most services are accessed through a client app or browser-based login.

SSL VPN

Architecture diagram titled SSL VPN outlines the connection flow from a remote user to an intranet server through an SSL/TLS VPN. Starting on the left, a laptop icon labeled Remote user with any browser is connected by a green line to a rectangle labeled SSL/TLS tunnel, which signifies a secure connection over the internet, depicted by a globe icon. The green line then passes through a firewall represented by an orange rectangle with flame icons, indicating security screening, before reaching the SSL VPN gateway, also shown in orange. From the SSL VPN gateway, the green line extends to the right, splitting into two paths: one leading to a blue rectangle labeled Exchange network and another to a second blue rectangle labeled Intranet server. Both destinations are part of the internal network infrastructure, emphasizing how the SSL VPN facilitates secure remote access to various network resources. The diagram uses a combination of green, orange, and blue elements against a white background to visually differentiate between the components of the network.

An SSL VPN uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to encrypt browser-based connections.

It doesn’t always require a separate client, which can make it easier to use.

There are two types:

  • SSL portal VPNs give access to a single web page or application.

  • SSL tunnel VPNs allow connections to multiple network services—not just web apps.

Double VPN

Architecture diagram titled Double VPN illustrates the process of routing encrypted data through multiple VPN servers before reaching the internet. Starting from the left, an icon labeled User device with VPN application shows the initial point where data is encrypted. This icon is connected via a horizontal line to a series of blue rectangles representing VPN servers, sequentially labeled VPN server 1, VPN server 2, and VPN server n, indicating multiple layers of encryption and VPN transitions. Each server is marked with Encrypted data to emphasize the continuous encryption process through multiple points. After passing through the final VPN server, the line leads to a globe icon labeled Internet, where Decrypted data sent to target is indicated, showing the final stage of data transmission. The layout is linear and straightforward, with a monochrome palette that enhances clarity and focus on the encryption path.

A double VPN routes your internet traffic through two servers instead of one, encrypting data twice.

The added layer of encryption increases privacy, but it may also reduce speed—especially if the servers are far apart.

Note:
A double VPN is more of a configuration versus a type of VPN technology.

 

| Further reading:

 

What are the different types of VPN protocols?

The main types of VPN protocols include:

  • Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)

  • Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP)

  • WireGuard

  • OpenVPN

  • SoftEther

  • Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

  • Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)

VPN protocols determine how data moves between your device and the VPN server.

Each protocol uses different methods to create a secure tunnel. Some prioritize speed. Others focus on compatibility or encryption strength.

The protocol you choose also affects the performance, security, and reliability of the connection.

Certain protocols are better suited for business environments. Others remain popular for personal use. Legacy options may still be supported but are gradually being replaced by newer standards.

Below is a breakdown of each.

Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)

Architecture diagram titled Ipsec displays the configuration of an IPsec VPN tunnel between two routers over the internet. On the left, Router A is represented by a yellow circle with a router icon and connected by lines to three blue squares symbolizing connected devices. In the center, a grey rectangle labeled IPsec tunnel contains a globe icon labeled Internet, signifying the medium through which the encrypted tunnel passes. On the right, Router B mirrors the configuration of Router A, also depicted with a yellow circle and connected to three blue squares. The diagram uses lines to show connectivity between the routers and their respective devices, and through the IPsec tunnel, indicating a secure communication pathway across the internet. The design is clean, with a yellow and blue color scheme that clearly differentiates the network components.

IPsec is a widely used VPN protocol suite designed to secure IP traffic.

It does this by encrypting and authenticating each packet that travels between two endpoints.

IPsec includes components like authentication header (AH) and encapsulating security payload (ESP), which help verify data integrity and confidentiality.

It also uses Internet Key Exchange (IKE) to establish encryption keys between devices.

| Further reading:

Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP)

Architecture diagram titled SSTP shows a VPN client on the left and an SSTP server on the right connected by a dotted red line representing an SSL/TLS handshake, which is illustrated with an icon of two hands shaking in the center. Above the handshake are the labels HTTP request and HTTPS connection okay, and below it is the label TCP connection over port 443, indicating the protocol and port used for communication.

SSTP is a VPN protocol that Microsoft developed.

It establishes a secure tunnel using SSL/TLS encryption.

Because it relies on the same port used for HTTPS traffic, it can pass through most firewalls without issue.

It’s typically used in Windows environments and offers better security than legacy options like PPTP and L2TP.

WireGuard

Architecture diagram titled WireGuard shows five different devices on the left—MacOS, Windows 10, Android, iOS 13, and Ubuntu—each labeled with a WAN IP address and a VPN IP address. All devices are connected to a central blue icon labeled Secure VPN tunnel, which points to a yellow icon labeled WireGuard server with a WAN IP of 1.2.3.4 and a VPN IP of 10.0.0.1. The final element on the right is a gray icon labeled Website IP, which states that the IP address is 1.2.3.4 because of the VPN tunnel.

WireGuard is a modern, open-source VPN protocol known for its streamlined design and strong cryptographic foundation. 

It uses UDP for fast, low-latency communication and aims to be simpler and easier to audit than older protocols.

WireGuard is supported by many consumer VPN providers and is gaining traction in business environments as well.

OpenVPN

Architecture diagram titled OpenVPN shows two endpoints labeled Host A and Host B, each with a computer icon. Host A on the left sends data through a virtual interface to an application layer labeled Open VPN process, which includes protocol layers TCP/UDP, IP, and Data link, and exits through a real interface. The data passes through a central icon labeled Network and enters Host B through a real interface. On Host B, the data flows in reverse order through the same Open VPN process layers and exits through a virtual interface to reach the endpoint.

OpenVPN is a flexible open-source protocol that supports both site-to-site and remote access VPNs.

It can operate over either UDP or TCP and works with a wide range of configurations.

Many VPN providers support OpenVPN because it’s reliable and well-tested, though setup can be more complex than with newer protocols.

SoftEther

Architecture diagram titled SoftEther shows a VPN client user on the left side connecting to a SoftEther VPN bridge, which links to a SoftEther VPN server on the right side. Two blue lines labeled VPN session represent secure connections between the user’s computer and the server, as well as between the VPN bridge and the server. The client user is shown with a desktop computer and globe icon, and the VPN bridge includes four devices beneath it. The VPN server on the right is connected to four devices representing internal resources, and next to it is a malicious attacker icon attempting to connect via a red line with a red warning symbol, indicating an insecure or unauthorized connection. At the bottom, four types of authentication methods are listed in a green-outlined box: certificate authentication, smart card authentication, password authentication, and external server authentication.

SoftEther is a multi-protocol VPN solution that allows encrypted communication between VPN clients, servers, and bridges.

It uses TCP/IP and can support multiple VPN protocols, including its own.

It’s often used in academic and experimental settings due to its flexibility and broad feature set.

Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

Architecture diagram titled PPTP shows a sequence of four components connected from left to right: a client device represented by a laptop icon, a network access server represented by a server icon, the internet represented by a globe icon, and a PPTP server also represented by a server icon. Below the sequence, three horizontal lines indicate connection layers: a PPP connection line connects the client to the network access server, a TCP/IP line extends from the client to the PPTP server through the internet, and a PPTP/Connection line spans the entire flow from the client to the PPTP server.

PPTP was one of the earliest VPN protocols available. 

It works by encapsulating PPP traffic over IP networks. 

However, it’s now considered obsolete due to significant security vulnerabilities. Most modern VPN services have phased it out in favor of more secure alternatives.

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)

Architecture diagram titled L2TP illustrates the flow of a Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol connection starting with a remote user on the left, connected via a modem using PPP. The PPP connection extends to an ISP section that contains a NAS/LAC, labeled as a network access server and L2TP access concentrator. From there, the connection continues over the internet using L2TP to a company network segment on the right, which includes an LNS, or L2TP network server. Each stage is clearly labeled, and directional lines show the transition from PPP to L2TP as traffic passes from the remote user through the ISP and into the company network.

L2TP is a tunneling protocol used to support VPNs.

It doesn’t provide encryption on its own but is often paired with IPsec for security.

Like PPTP, it has largely been replaced by newer, more secure options. It’s still found in some legacy systems, though.

| Further reading:

 

What are the alternatives to a VPN for secure remote access?

A radial diagram titled VPN alternatives for secure remote access displays eight circular icons spaced evenly around a central circle, each connected with a dotted line and labeled with a technology name. Starting from the top-left and moving clockwise, the icons and labels are: a globe with nodes labeled Software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN), a shield with a person icon labeled Zero trust network access (ZTNA), a building with a shield icon labeled Software-defined perimeter (SDP), a padlock with a person icon labeled Identity & access management (IAM), a key icon labeled Privileged access management (PAM), a laptop with a gear icon labeled Unified endpoint management (UEM), a globe and shield icon labeled Secure access service edge (SASE), and a monitor with a cloud icon labeled Desktop as a service (DaaS). The center of the diagram features a bold title in black text on a white background.

Commonly used alternatives to VPNs for secure remote access include:

Traditional virtual private networks have long been a staple for remote access. But they weren’t designed for today’s cloud-first, hybrid work environments.

Organizations today are now exploring other ways to secure remote connectivity that better match current needs.

These alternatives focus more on identity, context, and direct-to-app access. They can help reduce attack surface, improve performance, and simplify management.

Each one has its own focus and trade-offs.

Some replace VPNs entirely. Others are used alongside them to strengthen security or improve the user experience.

| Further reading: VPN Alternatives for Secure Remote Access

 

How to set up a VPN step-by-step

VPN setup varies depending on the environment. Business deployments typically require more components and configuration than personal use.

Some steps may also change based on the provider, device type, or network policies in place.

The next sections outline a typical setup process—first for organizations, then for individual users.

Business VPN setup process

A vertical step-by-step infographic titled How to set up a business VPN presents eight sequential steps in a two-column layout connected by a curved directional arrow. The left column lists steps 1 through 4 in red text, each paired with a gray circular icon. Step 1 is Align essential VPN components with a server icon, Step 2 is Prepare the network with a network icon, Step 3 is Install the VPN client with a download icon, and Step 4 is Follow configuration guidance with a gear icon. The arrow curves to the right column, which contains steps 5 through 8. Step 5 is Connect to the VPN with a globe icon, Step 6 is Choose a VPN protocol with a network path icon, Step 7 is Troubleshoot if needed with a wrench icon, and Step 8 is Customize settings with a control panel icon. Each step is visually supported by a unique icon and accompanied by brief text.

Business VPN setup typically involves multiple components. The exact steps can vary depending on the platform, provider, and IT environment.

So while this outline can help guide the process, it’s important to refer to your provider’s documentation for service-specific requirements.

  1. Align essential VPN components

    Start by identifying the key elements.

    You’ll need a VPN client, a VPN server, and a compatible router. The client enables user connections; the server handles those connections.

Note:
Some routers may have VPN clients built in.

 

  1. Prepare the network

    • Remove outdated or conflicting VPN clients. These can interfere with installation or cause errors. 

    • If possible, limit the number of unused devices on the network to streamline setup.

  2. Install the VPN client

    • Download and install the software from your VPN provider. 

    • Choose versions based on operating systems and prioritize installation on the systems that need access first.

  3. Follow configuration guidance

    Not all providers offer native apps for every platform. If no software is available, check the vendor’s site for device-specific configuration instructions.

  4. Connect to the VPN

    Open the client and log in using your assigned credentials. In most cases, the VPN will connect automatically to the closest available server.

  5. Choose a VPN protocol

    VPN protocols determine how data is encrypted and transmitted. Pick a protocol that fits your organization’s security and performance goals.

Note:
Some providers select a default for you.

 

  1. Troubleshoot if needed

    If you run into issues:

    • Restart the VPN client or device

    • Check for conflicting VPN software

    • Update the client and drivers

    • Re-enter credentials

    • Try a different server or protocol

    • Verify no other tools are blocking the connection

  2. Customize settings

    Adjust settings based on how the VPN will be used. 

    • Enable auto-connect if users rely on the VPN daily. 

    • Set default servers for speed. 

    • Review logs or dashboards if monitoring is needed.

Personal VPN setup process

A vertical flowchart titled How to set up a personal VPN presents eight sequential steps split into two columns connected by a curved directional arrow. On the left side, Step 1 is Choose a VPN provider with an icon of a server, Step 2 is Create an account and select a plan with a document icon, Step 3 is Download and install the VPN app with a download symbol, and Step 4 is Log in and open the VPN app with a smartphone icon. The arrow curves to the right side, which lists Step 5 as Select a server location with a location pin icon, Step 6 as Connect to the VPN with a connection icon, Step 7 as Adjust settings as needed with a slider icon, and Step 8 as Confirm the VPN is working with a checkmark icon. Each step is labeled with orange step numbers and paired with a matching icon.

Setting up a personal VPN is usually simple. Most providers offer apps that walk you through the process. 

The majority of personal VPN products follow a similar setup pattern—even if the details vary by provider.

Here’s what it typically involves:

  1. Choose a VPN provider

    Start by selecting a trusted provider.

    Look for strong encryption standards, clear privacy policies, and a wide range of server locations. These factors help ensure a more secure and reliable experience.

  2. Create an account and select a plan

    • Next, create an account. 

    • Then choose a plan that fits your needs.

Note:
Many providers offer monthly or annual options. Some include a free trial or money-back guarantee.

 

  1. Download and install the VPN app

    Install the official app from the provider’s website or your device’s app store. 

Tip:
Avoid third-party sources. They may not be secure or up to date.

 

  1. Log in and open the VPN app

    Open the app and sign in with your credentials. Some services also require a verification code or multi-factor authentication.

  2. Select a server location

    The app might connect you to a recommended server. Or you can pick one manually. Choose based on your location or what you plan to do—like streaming or staying anonymous.

  3. Connect to the VPN

    Click the connect button. Once active, your traffic is encrypted and routed through the VPN server.

  4. Adjust settings as needed

    Explore the settings menu. You can enable features like auto-connect, kill switch, or split tunneling. You can also change the VPN protocol if needed.

  5. Confirm the VPN is working

    Make sure the VPN is active. Check for a confirmation in the app or visit an IP checker site to confirm your new IP address.

| Further reading: How to Set Up a Virtual Private Network (VPN)

 

How to choose the right VPN for your needs

Choosing a VPN isn't a one-size-fits-all proposition. The right option depends on how it fits into your environment and what you need it to support. 

Business VPNs need to scale, integrate cleanly, and deliver strong administrative control. 

Personal VPNs should focus more on ease of use, privacy protections, and compatibility across devices. 

The sections below break down what to consider in each case.

Business VPN selection process

A horizontal flowchart titled How to choose a business VPN shows seven numbered steps arranged in a curved, non-linear sequence, each with a red circular icon and white symbol. Step 1 is Evaluate your infrastructure & compatibility with a checklist icon. Step 2 is Prioritize enterprise-grade security with a lock icon. Step 3 is Look for centralized management with a network icon. Step 4 is Confirm scalability and uptime with a speedometer icon. Step 5 is Review support for BYOD and remote work with a house icon. Step 6 is Inspect provider transparency and data policies with a document icon. Step 7 is Weigh the cost against capabilities with a scale icon. Steps are connected by dotted arrows that guide the viewer through the selection process.

  1. Evaluate your infrastructure and compatibility

    Start by assessing how the VPN integrates with your existing IT stack. Check compatibility with your operating systems, devices, and cloud environments.

  2. Prioritize enterprise-grade security

    Look for strong encryption standards like AES-256, along with support for secure protocols such as IPsec, OpenVPN, or WireGuard.

    Choose a provider that demonstrates ongoing adherence to industry compliance standards.

Tip:
Don’t just check for support of strong protocols—confirm they’re the default settings. Some VPNs include outdated protocols for compatibility but don’t disable them by default.

 

  1. Look for centralized management

    Effective enterprise VPNs offer centralized dashboards, role-based access, and logging for administrative oversight. These features help reduce errors and streamline management.

Tip:
Ask vendors for a demo of their admin console before committing. A platform that looks good on paper can still be clunky in practice if the UI is unintuitive or lacks search/filtering options.

 

  1. Confirm scalability and uptime

    Ensure the VPN can scale with your business. Look for providers that guarantee high uptime and have geographically distributed servers to maintain performance.

  2. Review support for BYOD and remote work

    If employees use personal devices, make certain that the VPN supports BYOD policies and includes features like mobile OS compatibility and device-level security enforcement.

  3. Inspect provider transparency and data policies

    Check for independent audits, a clear privacy policy, and details on how the provider handles logs and user data. 

    Transparency matters when third parties are securing your traffic.

  4. Weigh the cost against capabilities

    Business VPNs vary widely in price. Compare plans based on feature sets, available support, and long-term cost. 

    Watch for hidden fees related to setup or user scaling.

Tip:
Consider the total cost of ownership—not just monthly pricing. That includes the time your team spends on setup, maintenance, and support. A cheaper plan that’s harder to manage may cost more in the long run.

 

Personal VPN selection process

A horizontal flowchart titled How to choose a personal VPN presents eight steps arranged in a curved sequence, each represented by a numbered orange circle with a white icon. Step 1 is Define your primary use case with a checklist icon. Step 2 is Check for strong privacy policies with a padlock icon. Step 3 is Look into encryption and protocol options with a key icon. Step 4 is Verify device and OS support with a laptop icon. Step 5 is Compare server count and locations with a location pin icon. Step 6 is Assess ease of use with a thumbs-up icon. Step 7 is Be cautious with free VPNs with a warning triangle icon. Step 8 is Test performance and customer support with a wrench and screwdriver icon. Dashed arrows visually connect the steps in order.

  1. Define your primary use case

    Are you focused on privacy, content access, travel, or public internet safety? Clarifying your goal helps narrow down providers with the right strengths.

  2. Check for strong privacy policies

    Look for VPNs with verified no-log policies and independent audits. This helps reduce the risk of your data being stored or sold.

Tip:
Go beyond the marketing claims. Look for VPNs that have completed independent third-party audits verifying their no-log policies. Bonus: Check whether those audits are recurring, not one-time.

 

  1. Look into encryption and protocol options

    Choose a VPN that offers up-to-date encryption (like AES-256) and supports secure, modern protocols like WireGuard or OpenVPN. These impact both speed and protection.

  2. Verify device and OS support

    The VPN should work on all devices you use—Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and others.

    Some providers also allow router installs for home-wide protection.

Tip:
If you’re planning to use the VPN on smart TVs, gaming consoles, or routers, check whether the provider offers setup guides or dedicated apps for those platforms. Native support saves a lot of hassle.

 

  1. Compare server count and locations

    More server options usually mean better performance and flexibility for region-based browsing.

    It also helps distribute traffic to avoid congestion.

  2. Assess ease of use

    Choose providers with straightforward apps and simple connection steps. Setup should be fast, and switching servers shouldn’t require advanced knowledge.

  3. Be cautious with free VPNs

    Free services often come with tradeoffs—like slower speeds or questionable data practices.

    Consider a paid option with a trial period or money-back guarantee.

Tip:
Look for signs of monetization. If the service is free, ask yourself: Are they showing ads? Logging activity? Reselling bandwidth? A trustworthy VPN will disclose how they support their free offering.

 

  1. Test performance and customer support

    Run speed tests and evaluate support availability.

    Look for 24/7 chat or helpful documentation in case of issues.

 

Comparing VPNs with other security technologies

Let’s take a moment to compare VPNs with a few adjacent network and security technologies.

These tools may overlap in some use cases but are built to solve different problems.

VPN vs. SD-WAN

Diagram comparing SD-WAN and VPN architectures in two stacked sections. The upper section labeled SD-WAN shows a branch office on the left connected to SD-WAN routers, which link through DSL, fiber, and LTE connections to the internet. In the center, a blue SD-WAN controller icon connects the two ends. On the right, a similar set of SD-WAN routers connect to an HQ data center or cloud provider. The lower section labeled VPN shows Point A and Point B on either side, each with a laptop and a VPN device. Between them, two labeled data packets pass through the internet. Each data packet flows between the VPN devices across the internet to establish a connection.

SD-WAN and VPNs both support secure remote connectivity. But they do it in very different ways.

VPNs create a secure, encrypted tunnel between a user and a network. This helps protect data in transit and supports private access from one point to another. 

Most virtual private networks rely on a single, fixed connection path.

SD-WAN takes a broader approach. It uses software to dynamically route traffic across multiple connection types.

SD-WAN architecture diagram, featuring a central data center connected to four branch locations, represented as gray building icons. These connections are color-coded to indicate different types of internet connections: MPLS in red, cellular connections in green, and broadband in orange. Surrounding the central network diagram are logos of various internet and cloud services, such as AWS, Azure, Google, Dropbox, Salesforce, Workday, and YouTube, implying their integration or accessibility through this network architecture.

It can adjust based on real-time conditions, traffic type, or policy.

The diagram illustrates centralized management in SD-WAN. It shows an SD-WAN controller at the center, managing data flows between the MPLS network, the internet, and cloud services. On the left, a branch office connects to the SD-WAN controller through traditional WAN routers. The middle section displays various types of connectivity, including fiber, dedicated internet access, MPLS, and 4G, all managed by the SD-WAN controller. On the right, the HQ/DC/DR is also connected via traditional WAN routers. Control plane data paths are indicated by yellow dashed lines, while data plane paths are shown as solid red lines.

This allows for greater flexibility, better performance, and centralized control—especially across distributed environments.

| Further reading: SD-WAN vs. VPN: How Do They Compare?

VPN vs. VPS vs. VPC

VPN, VPS, and VPC comparison

Category VPN VPC VPS
Purpose Secures online data exchange. Private cloud within public infrastructure. Virtual machine acting as a server.
Deployment Connects remote users to networks. Scalable hosting for cloud services. Dedicated resources for hosting.
Scalability Ideal for individual connections. Highly scalable with cloud services. Less scalable, but resource-dedicated.
Control Limited network control. Extensive cloud network control. Server control within host limits.
Customization Basic security settings. Custom network configurations. Configurable server settings.

VPN, VPS, and VPC sound similar—but they serve very different purposes.

A VPN is a security tool. It encrypts internet traffic between your device and a remote server. The goal is to keep data private and protect online activity from monitoring or interception.

A VPS is a virtual private server. It’s a virtualized environment that runs on a physical machine and acts like a dedicated server. VPSs are commonly used to host websites or applications and offer more control than shared hosting.

The diagram titled Virtual private server (VPS) shows a linear flow from physical hardware on the left to virtual machines on the right. A server labeled Hardware connects to a Host OS computer icon, which then connects to a circular Hypervisor icon. The hypervisor is linked to a circular area representing shared computing resources labeled CPU, RAM. Two arrows extend from this area to two separate devices labeled Guest 1 and Guest 2, illustrating how the hypervisor divides the underlying hardware resources to run multiple isolated virtual machines.

A VPC, on the other hand, is a virtual private cloud. It’s a private segment of a public cloud provider’s infrastructure.

Architecture diagram titled Virtual private cloud (VPC) shows two labeled boxes at the top—Public cloud A on the left and Public cloud B on the right—connected by a horizontal line labeled API within a section labeled Intercloud. A vertical line from Public cloud A leads downward to the label Secure data connector, while a vertical line from Public cloud B points to the label Virtual private cloud. Both lines connect to a broad gray horizontal bar at the bottom labeled Legacy infrastructure, which is positioned above the bold label Virtual private cloud (VPC). The word Perimeter appears faintly on the right edge near Public cloud B.

It gives organizations an isolated network environment where they can run cloud-based resources securely and with more control over configuration.

| Further reading: VPC vs. VPN vs. VPS: What Are the Differences?

 

What is the history of VPNs?

A vertical timeline titled The history of VPNs shows key developments in VPN evolution, starting in 1996 and continuing to the present. The first entry, labeled 1996, notes that Microsoft introduced PPTP as one of the first VPN protocols for secure online communication. In 1999, the PPTP specification was published to increase adoption and interoperability. The early 2000s section explains that VPNs were primarily used by businesses for secure remote access. The mid-2000s to 2010s entry states that VPN technology advanced with stronger encryption and tunneling protocols like IPsec and SSL VPN. In 2017, the timeline shows that U.S. ISPs were legally permitted to sell user browsing data, which led to a spike in consumer VPN interest. The late 2010s section describes the expansion of VPN use among individuals for privacy and secure content access. The final entry, labeled Today, explains that legacy VPNs face limitations in hybrid and cloud environments, prompting businesses to adopt newer models like ZTNA and SASE.

Microsoft introduced the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) in 1996. This early protocol marked the beginning of modern VPNs by enabling encrypted internet connections between user devices and networks. By 1999, the PPTP specification became publicly available.

In the early 2000s, virtual private networks were primarily used by businesses. Organizations deployed them to give remote employees secure access to internal systems and files.

The connection acted as an extension of the corporate network, making it easier to share resources across locations.

As internet use expanded, VPN protocols evolved. New standards offered stronger encryption and more reliable tunneling. These improvements addressed growing concerns around online threats, data interception, and privacy.

Public interest in VPNs grew in response to major privacy events. 

In 2017, news broke that U.S. internet service providers could legally sell users’ browsing histories. That moment brought broader attention to VPNs as a privacy tool.

While national net neutrality protections were rolled back, some U.S. states responded with local legislation. As a result, VPNs became more common among individual users—not just businesses.

Today, traditional VPNs don’t always meet the needs of hybrid or cloud-first environments.

Many lack the flexibility to connect users directly to applications without increasing risk or slowing down performance.

Organizations are now looking to simpler, more integrated solutions that combine access and security in a single product.

| Further reading: What Is the History of VPN?

 

A rectangular teal banner contains a white outlined icon of an open book on the left and a block of white text on the right that reads, Learn why traditional VPN solutions may not be the solution for securing an evolved workplace, featuring Secure remote access. Simplified. Below the text is a white-outlined button labeled Download eBook.

 

VPN FAQs

A VPN encrypts internet traffic and hides your IP address. It helps protect personal data on public Wi-Fi and reduces tracking. For businesses, it secures remote access to corporate resources and supports secure site-to-site communication.
VPN stands for virtual private network, which allows users to create a secure connection to another network over the internet.
The definition of “VPN” is: a technology that establishes a secure connection over a public network, such as the internet, allowing enterprises to access their private networks remotely.
VPN protection refers to the enhanced security and privacy features provided by a Virtual Private Network.
VPN security refers to the suite of protocols, encryption standards, and practices that ensure operation is secure.
Virtual private networks are valuable security tools that encrypt data and mask users' IP addresses, enhancing online privacy and safety. However, while they contribute significantly to a layered security approach, they do not offer complete protection on their own. it is essential to complement usage with other security measures for comprehensive defense.
"VPN access" refers to the ability to connect securely to a remote network or system using a virtual private network.
In business, a VPN’s purpose is to establish a secure, encrypted connection, allowing companies to protect data and enable remote access. There are also consumer-facing services, usually consisting of a VPN app designed to hide your IP address.
Virtual private networks (VPN) are useful for secure remote access, advanced threat protection, url filtering, BYOD policies, and Zero Trust implementation.
Yes, virtual private networks are necessary to safeguard sensitive data, provide secure remote access to internal resources, enhance online privacy, and ensure consistent access to global content, especially in environments where data security and privacy are paramount.
VPNs are critically important to ensuring company data security.
A business VPN establishes a secure, encrypted connection between a company's network and remote users. It allows employees to access internal resources safely from anywhere, masking their IP address and protecting data transfers from eavesdropping. The server verifies user credentials, ensuring only authorized personnel can connect, thus maintaining the organization's cybersecurity and data integrity.
A VPN connection works by establishing an encrypted tunnel between a user's device and a virtual private network server. Data sent through this tunnel is encrypted, ensuring privacy and security. The user's IP address is masked, appearing as the server's address, which safeguards the user's identity and location.
No, not all VPNs work the same. While the core principle of encrypting data and masking IP addresses is consistent, virtual private networks can differ in terms of protocols used, encryption standards, server locations, and features offered.
For businesses, the type of virtual private network to use depends on specific needs. To connect remote employees to company resources, a remote access solution is ideal. For linking multiple office locations, a site-to-site solution is recommended.
The most popular types of virtual private networks for businesses are site-to-site and remote access. Site-to-site VPNs connect entire networks to each other, commonly used to link branch offices to a central office. Remote access VPNs allow individual users to connect to a business network from remote locations. The choice depends on business needs, such as remote worker support or inter-office connectivity.
Choose a reputable VPN provider, sign up for a plan, then download and install the app on your device. After logging in, select a server and connect. You can also configure VPNs manually on supported operating systems.
Some VPNs are free, but they often have limitations like slower speeds or less privacy. Many free providers monetize data or include ads. Paid services usually offer stronger privacy protections, better performance, and more features.
VPNs do not provide full security on their own. They don’t block malware or stop threats after they reach a device. Some services may also reduce internet speed or have unclear logging policies, especially free options.
Prices vary by provider. Consumer VPNs typically cost around $10 per month, with discounts for annual plans. Business VPN pricing depends on features, scale, and support needs, often with additional costs for setup or user volume.
A personal VPN can help protect your data on home networks, reduce ISP tracking, and support access to restricted content. While not required, it can improve privacy and security, especially for users concerned about online visibility.

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